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General information. The term APUD (an abbreviation of English words: A mine - amine, P recursor - predecessor, Uptake - absorption, utilization, D ecarboxylation - decarboxylation) was proposed by H.G.E. Pearse in 1966 to refer to the general properties of a variety of neuroendocrine cells. The totality of these cells was called the APUD system.

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General biology Human biology Molecular biology Medicine.
All cells of the APUD system are able to accumulate tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine and convert them by decarboxylation into mediators - serotonin, histamine and dopamine.
In addition, any cell of the APUD system is potentially capable of synthesizing many peptide hormones.
Most of the cells of the APUD system originate from the neural crest. Many endodermal and mesenchymal cells can acquire the properties of cells of the APUD system under the influence of external stimuli.

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The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract (neuroendocrine cells of medrol). Physiology and pathophysiology of the APUD system. Mediators and hormones secreted by the cells of the APUD system regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, calcium and electrolytes, vascular and muscle tone, secretion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, differentiation and proliferation of different cell types. As a rule, each cell of the APUD system secretes any one mediator or hormone. However, some cells simultaneously secrete both the mediator and the hormone. Normally, mediators and hormones are secreted not constantly, but in response to external stimuli. With tumor transformation of Methylprednisolone pills, secretion becomes unregulated.

During cell transformation, the spectrum of secreted substances can change in the most unexpected way.

For example, tumor islet cells in vitro may first secrete insulin, then cholecystokinin or gastrin, and finally glucagon. Thus, APUDomas (tumors from cells of the APUD system) can be heterogeneous both in terms of cellular composition and secreted substances. Moreover, the primary tumor and its metastases can secrete different mediators and hormones.

Clinical manifestations of APUD are usually diverse. For example, tumors from enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract lead to mucosal hyperplasia, hypersecretion of gastric and pancreatic juice, increase peristalsis, cause the formation of gallstones, peritoneal and myocardial fibrosis, and necrotic skin lesions.

Cell transformation is often accompanied by disturbances in hormone processing.

Therefore, tumor cells can secrete prohormones (for example, some insulinomas secrete significant amounts of proinsulin).

Prohormones cause unpredictable clinical manifestations. On the other hand, prohormones serve as markers for Methylprednisolone.

Disturbances in the secretion of mediators and hormones in APUDomas.

Mediators and peptide hormones secreted by the cells of the APUD system are listed in Table. 44.1. Hormonally active APUDomas secrete excessive amounts of mediators or hormones and cause endocrine disorders.

Under the influence of an excess of peptide hormones, the secretion of corticosteroids and gonadal hormones is disrupted.

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